Similar names: silvopastoral system, mixed pastures.
Silvopasture is a technique that integrates trees and shrubs with the keeping of grazing livestock on the same piece of land. Silvopasture interventions aim to realise the benefits of combining two systems: grazing animals help to keep weeds away from trees and fertilise the soil with manure, while trees (often fruit trees) provide additional fodder for the livestock through their extra leaves/biomass. Silvopastoral systems are used as an alternative to conventional cattle farming systems to combat deforestation problems.
This intervention is traditionally applied in tropical and temperate zones but also in subhumid, semiarid, and arid regions. Some other variations are agro-silver-pastures, which combine trees or shrubs, wish crops and cattle. A more complex system should be well planned but that can bring a variety of benefits. Also called the crop-livestock-forest system (CIF). Another alternative is silver fishery, which combines woody perennials and fish resources.
Silvopasture offers numerous ecological benefits, including improved water management by reducing runoff and increasing retention, which prevents soil erosion and landslides. It enhances soil quality and nutrient content, supports carbon sequestration through tree planting, and boosts biodiversity by introducing trees that provide habitats for various species. Additionally, it reduces the risk of fire by controlling understory vegetation and improves livestock conditions by providing shade, which can increase their lifespan and milk yield. Economically, silvopasture lowers costs by using livestock for weed control, diversifies income sources through harvesting trees and livestock products, and enhances food security and sustainability for farming communities. It also supports indigenous livelihoods by preserving traditional knowledge and culture.